POST ADDICTION WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME

WHAT IS PAWS?

PAWS is an acronym for POST ADDICTION WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME. 

It refers to any symptoms that persist after a person has ended their physical dependence on a drug. It can feel like a “rollercoaster” of symptoms, which may come and go unexpectedly.

Withdrawal symptoms are really uncomfortable, though they typically end after, at least,  two weeks, especially when an experienced team of medical and health professionals oversees the detox process. 

However, some drugs also can lead to prolonged or protracted withdrawal, lasting for months and sometimes up to a year. People who consume a large amount of an intoxicating substance for a long time are more likely to develop this condition, which is called POST-ACUTE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (PAWS).

The term was actually created to describe the cluster of ongoing withdrawal symptoms, which are largely psychological and mood-related, that can continue after acute withdrawal symptoms have gone away. 

Although post-acute withdrawal rarely involves aches and pains, nausea, cramping, headaches, or other physical symptoms, it can be just as intense as acute withdrawal and still puts a person at risk of relapse, as they may return to drug use in an attempt to stop the discomfort.

Each episode of PAWS can last for a few days, and these can continue cyclically for a year. These symptoms can occur with any intoxicating substance, although post-acute withdrawal syndrome most often occurs among people discontinuing the following drugs:

ALCOHOL: Though people have struggled to end alcohol addiction for much longer, the symptoms of PAWS were first defined for alcohol use disorder in the 1990s. Suddenly stopping alcohol consumption is dangerous, since it can cause delirium tremens (including seizures and psychosis) and can also increase the likelihood of PAWS (e.g., long-term cravings, exhaustion, and feeling ill).

ANTIDEPRESSANTS: While few people abuse these drugs recreationally since they do not cause a rapid intoxication, stopping them suddenly can dramatically change the levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain. Since people who struggle with depression are prescribed antidepressants, acute withdrawal will feel like intense depression; unfortunately, this experience could continue for months.

ANTIPSYCHOTICS: These drugs bind to dopamine receptors to decrease hallucinations and delirium. When they are discontinued, especially without a taper, the person could experience withdrawal symptoms like mood swings for months.

BENZODIAZEPINES: Although these medicines help people with anxiety and panic disorders, they are very easy for the brain to develop a dependence on. Most prescriptions do not cover more than two weeks of regular use because they can be addictive. Withdrawal symptoms mimic panic disorders, making it harder to stop taking them. PAWS symptoms, like insomnia, fatigue, and cravings, can last for months after the physical dependence has ended.

MARIJUANA: Many people become reliant on marijuana to relax and feel normal; when they stop taking the drug, they can feel stressed, depressed, and paranoid. One of the most common withdrawal symptoms is insomnia, and without medical help, this could persist and become PAWS.

OPIOIDS: Whether prescription opioids or illicit versions like heroin, these drugs can lead to post-acute withdrawal syndrome if they are not tapered off properly. People who experience the full intensity of acute withdrawal are more likely to develop PAWS, which includes cravings, exhaustion, and cognitive impairment that does not go away for a long time.

STIMULANTS: Drugs from Ritalin to cocaine can cause post-acute withdrawal syndrome if withdrawal is not managed appropriately. Although a person taking stimulants may experience negative side effects like paranoia, twitching and tremors, and aggression, the opposite symptoms – extreme fatigue, deep depression, and physical weakness – can be harder to manage psychologically. The reduction in dopamine in the brain caused by the lack of stimulants can last for months.

SYMPTOMS OF PAWS are individual to each drug, but there are some common symptoms, including:

Hostility or aggression

Anxiety, 

panic, or fear

Irritability and mood swings

Depression

Exhaustion or fatigue

Inability to sleep

Trouble concentrating or thinking

Loss of interest in sex

Anhedonia, or the inability to feel pleasure

Trouble with memory

Sensitivity to stressful situations

THEORIES OF POST-ACUTE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME’S CAUSES 

PAWS is a complex syndrome with no one specific cause. Psychologists and doctors do not agree completely on reasons for the condition, but many suggest stress response and changes to that area of the brain during the course of addiction are part of the underlying issue. However, the stress response can be triggered for any number of reasons. Theories about the causes of PAWS include:

HOMEOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT: A person’s physical dependence on drugs or alcohol leads to brain chemistry changes over time; when the body does not have the chemical flowing in, triggering neurotransmitters and endorphins to release, it cannot reach equilibrium on its own. The brain can take a long time to completely reach homeostasis without chemical help, and this can manifest in mood swings, exhaustion, cravings, and other psychological signs during PAWS.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS: Other parts of the body may be used to an influx of drugs to regulate functions like digestion or hormones. Withdrawal symptoms reflect this – for example, nausea, stomach cramps, and diarrhea are common opioid withdrawal symptoms – but sometimes, these can take longer than two weeks to return to normal. For example, heart rate may be more rapid after overcoming an addiction to CNS depressants.

STRESS: It is psychologically stressful to stop taking a drug, especially for people who try to do it cold turkey or alone. This stress may lead to relapse, or it could lead to a prolonged experience of withdrawal symptoms, as the individual tries to make sense of life without drugs or alcohol.

HABIT: Part of rehabilitation is to retrain behaviors and responses to drugs or alcohol. Recovering heroin addicts mention the ritual of cooking and injecting the drug, while people who overcame alcohol use disorder note the loss of social situations. Returning to habit leads to relapse, but the loss of the habit or tradition can enhance psychological symptoms like depression, cravings, anxiety, or exhaustion, leading to PAWS.

CONTROVERSY AROUND THE SYNDROME 

While many people may experience PAWS, it is not actually an official medical diagnosis. There are published research studies regarding PAWS, but the symptoms mentioned above are largely self-reported by the people experiencing them. They are hard to measure, more like a mental health condition than an illness like the flu. Because PAWS does not have a medical definition – acute withdrawal is recognized by the medical community – the syndrome is considered controversial.

Some people believe that PAWS is an excuse when a person in recovery relapses. Others believe the medical community invented the concept in order to make more money through long-term treatment. A few rare practitioners believe that PAWS is just withdrawal, arguing that the condition should be measured in months instead of weeks. The lack of consensus on what the syndrome is and how to best treat it makes it difficult to engage with.

However, there is this growing concern about prolonged experiences of withdrawal, leading to more understanding and investigation of this condition.

HOW TO TREAT PAWS?

Because PAWS symptoms are largely psychological and emotional, ongoing support from therapists and counselors is important in reducing the intensity of this experience. Here are steps medical professionals may take to help their clients:

Educate clients about withdrawal and what to expect for recovery. Celebrate every accomplished step in the process. Encourage patience. Find natural ways to help with sleep problems. Prescribe exercise and healthy diet. Assess potential co-occurring disorders, which may emerge or re-emerge. Encourage joining mutual support groups. Help to manage impulse control. Take self-reported symptoms seriously.

Some medicines may help with specific drugs. For example, naltrexone is available to reduce cravings in people who are overcoming alcohol or opioid (codiene syrup) addiction.

Antidepressants may also help to stabilize mood for many people overcoming struggles with stimulants or psychoactive drugs. However, PAWS can be almost entirely avoided if a person works with experienced medical professionals and therapists to taper off a drug, ease acute withdrawal symptoms, and begin a complete rehabilitation program.

Special thanks to the AMERICAN ADDICTION TREATMENT CENTERS.